Year 11 Chemistry - Unit 4

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Chapter 19 - Elements

• Be able to predict and write formulae for various compounds of elements.
• Know the names of groups I, II, VII and VIII and their special properties.
• (Across Table and Down groups) - b.pt, m.pt., bonding type (Note make sure you can explain the 4 main types of bonding), whether solid, liquid or gas, metallic character, non-metallic character, electronegativity, electropositivity, acidic/basic nature of oxides and hydroxides, ionisation energies;
• Be able to define terms - electronegativity, ionisation energy, stable octet (inert gas configuration), emission spectra
• Be able to deduce the group an element belongs to by comparing 1st, 2nd 3rd etc ionisation energies of that element or by comparing 1st, 2nd and 3rd ionisation energies of elements with consecutive atomic numbers.
• Explain why H does not fit in well with any group.  Which groups does it have something in common with?
• Energy levels - evidence for their existence?  Emission spectra.
• Be able to write electron configurations of atoms and ions (in terms of s, p, d ?  Compare to an inert gas.
• Be able to relate similarities in group properties and also trends in group to electron configurations.
• Be able to explain the similarity in chemistry and the trend in physical properties of members of the same group.
• Be able to draw electron dot models of simple molecules and thus to show that non-metals in covalent bonds also usually attain a stable octet configuration.

Chapter 21 – Organic Compounds

• Know the three main fossil fuels
• Refining of petroleum - be able to explain the meaning of fractional distillation and know the uses of the main fractions.  Understand the function of the cooling tower and bubble caps.
• Know the meaning of catalytic cracking, octane rating, (know why lead is no longer added to petrol - why it was originally added)
• Know the meaning of the terms homologous series, functional group, saturated and unsaturated.
• Alkanes - general formula, main physical properties, trend in these physical properties as the number of C atoms;chemical reactions of alkanes - combustion and substitution; be able to write an example of each.
• Be able to name the alkanes - straight, cyclic and branched. 
• Be able to explain difference in m.pt, b.pt between linear (straight chain) alkanes and branched alkane isomers.
• Know the meaning of isomers - be able to draw and name isomers of various alkanes.
• Know the difference between complete and incomplete combustion and be able to write equations for both.
• Alkenes - general formula; main chemical reactions of alkenes - combustion and addition; be able to write an example of addition with a halogen, hydration with water, and hydrogenation.  Know which of these requires a catalyst.
• Be able to name the alkenes - straight, cyclic, branched.
• Be able to identify simple cis- and trans- structures in the alkenes.
• Be able to draw and name various isomers of the alkenes.
• Know the difference in chemical reactivity of the alkanes and alkenes and how you could distinguish between them.
• Alkynes - general formula; reactions - combustion and addition and their possible products.
• Be aware of the trend towards less complete combustion from alkanes to alkenes to alkynes.
• Haloalkanes - be able to recognise and name them.
• Alcohols (Alkanols)- general formula and functional group; main physical properties, trend in these physical properties as the number of C atoms
• Be able to relate this to the presence of the hydroxyl group (-OH).  
• Be able to compare these to alkanes with similar numbers of C atoms.
• Differences between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. What are polyalcohols?
• Combustion reactions of alcohols; be able to write an example.
• Oxidation of the alcohols - primary, secondary and tertiary and their various products.  what oxidants (oxidising agents) can you use? 
• Reaction of the alcohols with sodium.  Why does it react?  What happens when it reacts?  How can you verify that a reaction has taken place?
• Naming of the alcohols.
• Be able to draw isomers of alcohols and to name them.
• Aldehydes (alkanals) - general formula and functional group.  Know some of their peculiar properties; trend in physical properties as the number of C atoms ­
• Chemical reactions of the aldehydes; know how the aldehydes can be produced and their oxidation to Alkanoic acids.
• Be able to name simple aldehydes.
• Ketones (alkanones) - general formula and functional group; trend in physical properties as the number of C atoms
• Know how the ketones can be formed.
• Be able to name simple ketones.
• Be able to write and draw simple isomers of the aldehydes and ketones - be aware that they are isomers of each other.
• Carboxylic acids (Alkanoic acids) - general formula and functional group; trend in physical properties as the number of C atoms
• Know the general properties of these acids; Note - weak acids; properties of normal acids;  effect on an indicator, reactions with a base, an active metal, and a carbonate.
• Know how these acids can be produced - by the oxidation of primary alcohols or alkanals.
• Be able to name simple alkanoic acids.
• Esters - general formula and functional group.
• Esterification reactions - be able to write the reaction and show the products; what is used as a catalyst and why?
• Be able to name esters and to identify what acid and alcohol must have been used in their formation.
• Know the special properties and uses of esters.
• Amines know the general formula and be able to name simple amines.
• Be able to recognise and name ethers.
• Carbohydrates - general formulae; differences between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides and a couple examples of each. 
• Lipids - (Fats and Oils) - know that they are natural esters of glycerol and fatty acids; know a few differences between fats and oils; know the significance of saturated, mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated applied to lipids.  Which of these cause a build up of cholesterol in the walls of the arteries?
• Proteins - composed of amino acids; know the general formula of an amino acid; be able to recognise the amide linkage (peptide linkage)

• Be able to define - polymer, monomer, polymerisation.
• Be able to explain the meaning, with examples, of addition polymerisation (Chain growth)
• Be able to explain the meaning, with examples, of condensation polymerisation (Step growth)
• Be able to identify the monomer or monomers from the structures of polymers and also to identify the type of polymerisation reaction that would have formed the polymer.
• Know the difference between thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.
• Know how some of the physical properties - e.g. transparency/opaqueness, flexibility/rigidity, soft/hard, weak/strong are related to the structure of polymers.
• Be able to discuss the significance of no, few or many crosslinks; short, long or no branches; whether branches are regularly arranged on the one side of a polymer chain (isotactic) or randomly on any side (atactic).