Bibliography

HOW DO I ....

create a list of references or a bibliography?

The School uses APA Referencing.

Click below to go directly to:

Why reference?	Hints
Books	Encyclopedias	Newspapers
Pictorial Sources	Non Print Items	CD ROM'S
Web Pages	Other Electronic Sources	Bibliography
layout	Links	e-mail

BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND REFERENCES.

Why are bibliographies and references needed?

Researchers need to show their sources of information.

It is like stealing if you use someone else's work as your own. This sort of theft is called: "plagiarism".

Others may wish to research further, or use the same information and need to know from where it originated.

Knowing the origin of source material helps in checking its reliability and also helps the researcher to recognise bias.

The difference between a "Bibliography" and "References."

A bibliography lists works for background or for further reading, these may be books which you read as part of your research, but which were not actually used.

References lists specific works that you used in your work.

Where to place your Bibliography and References pages.

These should be included as the last pages of your work - References first

Hints on how to create a References/Bibliography list.

Simply follow the instructions, order and examples which are shown below.

Follow the punctuation details carefully, as these sometimes change according to type of source.

The name of the work is usually written in italic font or underlined if handwritten.

Details about author/s names, year of publication, publisher etc. may usually be found on the inside front cover of any books which you use.

Here are some of the abbreviations used in this type of referencing.

Abbreviations

chap.

chapter

ed.

edition

Rev. ed.

revised edition

2nd ed.

second edition

Ed. (Eds.)

Editor (Editors)

Trans.

Translator(s)

p. (pp.)

page (pages)

Vol.

Volume (as in Vol. 4)

vols.

volumes (as in four volumes)

No.

Number

Pt.

Part

Tech. Rep.

Technical Report

Suppl.

Supplement

Sources: http://www.stir.ac.uk/celt/study.htm and http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html

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1. BOOKS

You need:

1. Author/s or Editor/s name/s
2. Year of publication
3. Title of work
4. Place of publication.
5. Publisher's name

EXAMPLES
ONE AUTHOR

Smith, F. J. (1989) One Cell Organisms. Sydney: Biol Pty. Ltd.

TWO AUTHORS

Jones, Frederick M. and Smith, Francis J. (1996) Living Plants. Towoomba: Flora Press.

BOOK WITH MORE THAN ONE EDITION.

Mc. Mahon, G. (1996). Europe in the Nineteenth Century. (2nd ed.) Oxford: University Publications.

AUTHOR UNKNOWN
Pollution in Australia. (1989) Sydney: Spinney

BOOKLET PREPARED BY ONE OF YOUR TEACHERS.

Barry, P. (Ed) (1999) The Federation of Australia. Brisbane: Gregory Terrace.

EDITOR OR COMPILER. Some books are a collection of articles or chapters written by different authors, which are compiled by an editor.

A WHOLE BOOK

Jones, Frederick M. (Ed) (1993) Flora of South East Queensland. Ipswich: Reid-Barker Ltd.

ARTICLE OR CHAPTER WITHIN A BOOK.

Walker, E. (1999). "The culture of rugby union in Australian boys' schools", In M. Stower & B. McManus (Eds.), The Teaching of Boys (pp. 52 - 67). Brisbane: Gregory Terrace

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2. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS

Look for the name of the author at the end of the article. If there is no author's name, then begin with the name of the article which you used.

You need:

Author/s name/s
Year of publication
Name of the article
Name of Journal or Encyclopedia
Volume number
Page number

EXAMPLES:
AUTHOR KNOWN
Gargery, Henry. (1992) "Ancient Greece - Language". The Book of Knowledge. Vol 1. pp 145 -147

AUTHOR UNKOWN
'New South Wales: (1992) The Universe Year Book, p 534.

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3. NEWSPAPERS

Begin with the author's name. If the name of the author is not known, then start with the title of the article.

YOU NEED

Author/s name/s
Year
Title of article
Name of source and where published
Month and day
Page number

EXAMPLE:
AUTHOR KNOWN:

Smith, J. E. (1996) "Hero dog saves family in fire".Brisbane: Courier Mail . November 15, p1.

AUTHOR UNKNOWN

"Earthquake hits: thousands die".(1995) New York: New York Herald. September 24, p27

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4. JOURNALS /MAGAZINES

YOU NEED

Author/s name/s

Year

Title of article

Name of source

Volume number OR Month, year if no volume number.

Page number/s

EXAMPLE:

Chapman, P. (1999). "Learning Mathematics : A new way of teaching". Journal of Teacher Education, 37, 76 - 78.

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5. GRAPHS, PICTURES, PHOTOS, ADVERTISEMENTS.

Within your text, the pictures must be numbered, named and the source identified.

YOU NEED:
Details according to the source from which the material originates.

EXAMPLE:

Fig 1. Sharks in Byron Bay

Source: Cohen, William. (1994) Sharks on the East Coast. Melbourne: Heineford .

Cohen, William. (1994) Sharks on the East Coast. Melbourne: Heineford .

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6. NON PRINT MATERIALS

SLIDES
Montcrieffe, Samuel M. (1989) Industrialising Japan. (Slide). Hobart: Friemann, Hobbs Pty Ltd. . 24 slides, col.

VIDEO
The Story of the Olympics. (1992) (Videorecording) Pickwick Video, Melbourne. 17 min. sd. col.

FILMS

Dezuanni, M. (Director & Producer). (1999). The Winners [Film]. Brisbane: Films Pty. Ltd.

AUDIO /TAPE RECORDING:

Twomey, M. (Speaker). (1987). The importance of School Librarians (Cassette Recording ). Brisbane: Audio Tape Recording Pty. Ltd..

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6. CD - ROM

YOU NEED

author's name
date of production
title of article in quotation marks
name of the CD-ROM
what version it is
publication information

EXAMPLE:
Smith, J. R. "Dinosaurs", The Electronic Encyclopedia of Prehistory (Version 2.1) (CD - ROM) (1994) Dubbo: Steggorsors Software Pty. Ltd.

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7. Web Pages

The basic component of the reference need to include the following:

Author's last name, first name / Name of webmaster if no author name is available.
Date of document creation / last update of site if this is not available
"Title of work"
Title of complete work
Date of message or visit
URL

EXAMPLES:
A Document on a Web Site:

Burke, Laura P. (May, 1997) "A Hypertext history of the Renaissance" Renaissance History. Retrieved 23 September, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.caf.new.edu/home/lbs/renhist.html.

Rosenbaum, J. (1990, November). Contentious or cozy?: Community and county radio in the Republic of Ireland. Paper presented to the Roy H. Park School of Communications Faculty Colloquium, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY. Retrieved March 17, 1997 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ithaca.edu/johnrosenbaum.

8. OTHER ELECTRONIC SOURCES

An article from an Online Journal:

Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience: Science working group on facilitated communication. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved January 25, 1996 from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html

An Article from an Online Newpaper:

Sleek, S. (1996, January). Psychologists build a culture of peace. APA Monitor, pp. 1, 33 [Newspaper, selected stories on line]. Retrieved January 25, 1996 from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/monitor/peacea.html

Listserve:

Available: E-mail: listserv@cmsa.berkeley.edu. Message: Get TESLEJ-L APAGUIDE

Messages on Listservs, Discussion Lists or Newsgroups:

Chitty, N. (1998, August). IAMCR media and sport working group. IAMCR Newsletter.
(Retrieved September 6, 1998 from the World Wide Web: iamcr-newsletter@spot.colorado.edu)

To cite personal E-mail messages:

General format:

Author (Year, month day).

Subject of message

[E-mail to receiver's name], [Online].

Available E-mail: receiver's E-mail address.

Example:

Corio, R. (1994, June 1). APA Guide deadline [e-mail to Margaret E. Sokolik], [Online].

Available e-mail: msokolik@uclink.berkeley.edu.

References

Corio, R. and Sokolik,M. (March 1995) APA STYLE GUIDEVersion 2.1, Revised (modified by John Higgins, CELT, 25 October 1995) Retrieved 23 September, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.stir.ac.uk/celt/study.htm

Hill, (January, 1996) "Constructing a Reference List Using APA Style." University of Wisconsin, English Department. Retrieved 27 May 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.uwosh.edu/departments/english/aparef.html

Rosenbaum, J. (January 1999) "How to Cite Information From the Internet and the World Wide Web". SOME APA REFERENCE GUIDELINES. Retrieved 27 May 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.htm

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How to lay out your References/Bibliography.

References and Bibliographies always go on the very last page of an assignment, essay or report.
They always have their own page.
Sources are arranged in alphabetical order, regardless of the type of source which they are.
- Use the family name of first author if more than one author.
- Use the first important word of the title if there is no author.
two works with the same author - by the years of publication with the most recent year first.
two works with the same author and the same publication year - organise alphabetically by title (excluding "A" or "The") and adding "a" and "b" and "c" (and so on) to the year (i.e., 1999a, 1999b, 1999c).
Note that a line is left between each entry for neatness.
The listing is organised like a sentence, not in columns or in a table.

Note that the second line of each entry is often indented. This helps to draw the attention of the reader to the first word of the entry for easier reference.

REFERENCES

Chapman, P. (1999). "Learning Mathematics : A new way of teaching". Journal of Teacher Education, 37, 76 - 78.

Cohen, William. (1994) Sharks on the East Coast. Melbourne: Heineford .

Dezuanni, M. (Director & Producer). (1999). The Winners [Film]. Brisbane: Films Pty. Ltd.

"Earthquake hits: thousands die".(1995) New York: New York Herald. September 24, p27

Gargery, Henry. (1992) "Ancient Greece - Language". The Book of Knowledge. Vol 1. pp 145 -147

Jones, Frederick M. and Smith, Francis J. (1996) Living Plants. Towoomba: Flora Press.

Jones, Frederick M. (Ed) (1993) Flora of South East Queensland Ipswich: Reid-Barker Ltd.

Mc. Mahon, G. (1996). Europe in the Nineteenth Century. (2nd ed.) Oxford: University Publications.

'New South Wales: (1992) The Universe Year Book, p 534.

Pollution in Australia. (1989) Sydney: Spinney .

Smith, F. J. (1989) One Cell Organisms. Sydney: Biol Pty. Ltd

Smith, J. E. (1996) "Hero dog saves family in fire".Brisbane: Courier Mail .
November 15, p1..

Smith, J. R. "Dinosaurs", The Electronic Encyclopedia of Prehistory (Version 2.1) (CD - ROM) (1994) Dubbo: Steggorsors Software Pty. Ltd.

The Story of the Olympics. (1992) (Videorecording) Pickwick Video, Melbourne. 17 min. sd. col.

Twomey, M. (Speaker). (1987). The importance of School Librarians (Cassette Recording ). Brisbane: Audio Tape Recording Pty. Ltd.

Walker, E. (1999). "The culture of rugby union in Australian boys' schools", In M. Stower & B. McManus (Eds.), The Teaching of Boys (pp. 52 - 67). Brisbane: Gregory Terrace

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LINKS

You also can find a lot of information online in the following sources:

Citing Sources Using APA. Ithaca College Library Ready Reference: Online Style Manuals. Available: http://www.ithaca.edu/library/htmls/citing.html#APA

American Psychological Association (APA) (n.d/1998) How to Cite Information From the Internet and the World Wide Web. Available: http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html

Dewey, R. (n.d./1998). APA Style Resources Psych Web. Available: http://www.psych-web.com/resource/apacrib.htm

Land, T. [a.k.a Beads] (1998, October 15). Web Extension to American Psychological Association Style (WEAPAS) (Rev. 1.6). Available: http://www.beadsland.com/weapas/

Li, X., and Crane, N. (1996a, May 20). Bibliographic formats for citing electronic information. Available: http://www.uvm.edu/~ncrane/estyles/

Walker, J.R. (1996, June). APA-style citations of electronic sources. The Columbia Guide to Online Style. Available: http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/apa.html

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