In-Text Referencing

Researchers are expected to produce their own arguments and work, which is based on facts or evidence.
Researchers need to say where they obtained their facts or evidence. If you use other people's work, then you must say so.
Other researchers may wish to investigate further and may then use these sources as a starting point.
A reference on a page shows the reader the source of the material which may then be referred back to the "References" at the end of the work.
Using other people's work or ideas as your own without giving any credit to the author is a bit like stealing; it is called PLAGIARISM
All direct quotes and all paraphrased information must be referenced.

Click below to go directly to:

How to reference	Indirect quote
Quote within a quote.	Direct quote.
Links	E-mail

Using in-text references

When taking notes from source material, you need to record not only all the regular details for your Reference list, but also the page number from which you selected your material. You will now be able to REFERENCE your work correctly in your text.
This is known as "IN-TEXT REFERENCING"

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1. How to go about in-text referencing

You need:

Surname of author/s or editor

Year of publication of the work

The page number/s from which you selected and used information

Examples showing in-text references

Look carefully at the punctuation!

Jones, 1987, p42

One author

Bloggs and White, 1983, pp56 - 58
Two authors. More than one page has been used.

Guest et alia, 1984, pp 121, 122
More than two authors. More than one page has been used.

Gregory Terrace Foundation, (GTF) 1999, p3

GTF, 1999, p3 (This is how the in-text reference would look the second time it is used.

Corporate authors.

The full name and its suggested abbreviation (if used more than once) is used the first time.

"Greece - in ancient times", 1992, p 24

Ancient Greek Vases (1996)

No author

The first two or three words of the reference list entry (usually the title) then the year. Italicise or underline the title of a periodical or book and use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter.

Bloggs, 1996, p 45; Smith, 1987, pp 32 - 33 Used 2 works for one idea.

according to D. Houston, (personal communication, March 31, 1999)

In an interview with P. Barry (personal communication, March 31, 1999)

Personal letters, interviews, classroom notes, class handouts, e-mails

These include the initials of the author as well.

(http://www.terrace.qld.edu.au) Web sites - refer to URL in text only.

Abbreviations used in in-text referencing and preparing Reference Lists.

chap.

chapter

ed.

edition

Rev. ed.

revised edition

2nd ed.

second edition

Ed. (Eds.)

Editor (Editors)

Trans.

Translator(s)

p. (pp.)

page (pages)

Vol.

Volume (as in Vol. 4)

vols.

volumes (as in four volumes)

No.

Number

Pt.

Part

Tech. Rep.

Technical Report

Suppl.

Supplement

Sources: http://www.stir.ac.uk/celt/study.htm, http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html and http://www.uwosh.edu/ departments/ english/aparef.html

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2. Indirect Quotes

A. How to use in-text referencing when summarising a large amount of material from the same source.

If you select material from the same source for the evidence of a whole paragraph:

summarise it in your own words

add the reference at the end of the sentence, as shown in the examples

Look carefully at the punctuation - brackets now enclose the in-text reference.

....desertification is caused by overgrazing, clearing forests and over use of agricultural land. (Jones, 1997:p 123) This is responsible for the creation of new desert lands at the rate of .......

.....few people travelled far from the village of their birth. Most travellers were monks, pilgrims, scholars, pedlars, government officials and merchants. (Morton et alia, 1995: pp122-123) Consequently, it can be seen that .....

...the Samurai warriors of Japan placed great importance on their swords, believing them to have spiritual powers. (Rea and Chewter, 1984:p 121) Thus, the profession of Blacksmith was regarded very highly by the ......

B. Summarising one idea from a source.

If you use one idea only from a source, as an expert opinion, you need to use a transition phrase to introduce your acknowledgment, such as:

According to Smith (1989:p 456).......

Jones (1987:p 42) states that...

Bloggs and White (1983: p 56) believe that.....

Green (1986:p 89) proposes/suggests/ notes/says/agrees that..

Research by Brown (1986: p 32) indicates that...

As stated by Martin (1998, p 23) it would appear that ....

NOTE: the change in position of the brackets!

According to Smith (1989, p456) when Cortes gazed, in 1519, on what is now known as Mexico City, he saw a vast urban Aztec centre of several hundred thousand people.......

Research by Brown (1986, p32) indicates that Brazil's population will increase by 40 million over the next ten years ......

Green (1986, p 89) proposes that the Black Death was responsible in the Middle Ages for the death of 80% of Europe's urban population ......

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3. Quoting directly.

This can use either of the two methods of in- text referencing already shown. The two ways of quoting directly from a referenced source are illustrated.

Research by Brown (1986, p32) indicates that the population of Brazil will: "experience a rapid and overwhelming increase of 40 million in the next ten years".

The population of Brazil will: "experience a rapid and overwhelming increase of 40 million in the next ten years" (Brown, 1986, p32) .

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4. A Quote within a quote.

Sometimes, you may be required to reproduce the words of a speaker quoted in another source. For this, you will need to name both the original speaker and the source from which you obtained the information.

It was evident by now, that the Tsar had lost control. "Alexander is not fit to rule," commented Pomerenski (in Hatton and Garden, 1999, p 98)

"Alexander is not fit to rule." (Pomerenski in Hatton and Garden, 1999, p 98) This statement by an important minister indicates that it was now evident that the Tsar had lost control.

According to Pomerenski (in Hatton and Garden, 1999, p 98) it had become evident by now that the Tsar had lost control. "Alexander is not fit to rule," he commented.

Sources used: http://www.stir.ac.uk/celt/study.htm, http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html and http://www.uwosh.edu/departments/english/aparef.html

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Links

Citing Sources Using APA. Ithaca College Library Ready Reference: Online Style Manuals. Available: http://www.ithaca.edu/library/htmls/citing.html#APA

American Psychological Association (APA) (n.d/1998) How to Cite Information From the Internet and the World Wide Web. Available: http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html

Dewey, R. (n.d./1998). APA Style Resources Psych Web. Available: http://www.psych-web.com/resource/apacrib.htm

Land, T. [a.k.a Beads] (1998, October 15). Web Extension to American Psychological Association Style (WEAPAS) (Rev. 1.6). Available: http://www.beadsland.com/weapas/

Li, X., and Crane, N. (1996a, May 20). Bibliographic formats for citing electronic information. Available: http://www.uvm.edu/~ncrane/estyles/

Walker, J.R. (1996, June). APA-style citations of electronic sources. The Columbia Guide to Online Style. Available: http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/apa.html

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Creator and Webmaster

Patricia Barry

Last updated 21 October 2001

Mail to p.barry@uq.net.au

In-Text Referencing

HOW DO I ... reference my work?

Why is research referenced?

Using in-text references

Abbreviations used in in-text referencing and preparing Reference Lists.

Creator and Webmaster

Patricia Barry

Last updated 21 October 2001